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Everything We Learned About Investing Was Wrong. That’s Why We Need Betterment.

By Frugaling 11 Comments

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Wall Street Photo Wikipedia

What I learned about investing from my grandparents

As a young child, I loved pouring over the daily stock tables. Every day, I would scan over the newspaper to see how stocks moved up, down, and sideways. It was this fun dance of numbers.

Age-old wisdom about stocks was shared with me, too. Find some blue chip stocks and invest for the long-term, my grandparents said. They taught me about investing in great companies and pointed out stocks like GE, International Paper, IBM, and Wells Fargo. But living through the tech bubble and mortgage crisis tainted my perspective — it wasn’t easy to digest that buy-and-hold strategy.

My Millennial status seemed to set me up for some strong investments at a young age. I had a knack for picking winners. I purchased Apple in the double-digits before multiple splits. I eyed Google, but didn’t have any money to invest around $100 per share. More recently, there was Tesla Motors, where I invested around $30 per share. I don’t often take to optimism, but these companies embodied a positivity for the future. There was hope in these companies. It was easy to invest.

While the preceding investments paid off, plenty of others failed. There were embarrassing investments that went totally south. Additionally, trading fees ate up gains and increased losses. When you only have a couple thousand dollars to invest, losing $10 per trade can be painful.

Eventually, companies started marketing ETFs heavily. Some even incentivized the purchase of ETFs via free trades. But the investment fees were often expensive and I needed to buy whole shares. If I didn’t have enough liquid cash, I wasn’t going to be able to buy one. The money would sit in a paltry savings account and dwindle.

I spent years at Vanguard Group. They’re friendly, available, and supportive to smaller investors. They’re customer owned and tend to have lower transaction fees (about $7 per trade). The big bonus was low-fee ETFs that could be traded for free. It was perfect, except that income fluctuations and whole-share buying restricted diversification.

You’ve been investing wrong, here’s why

This summer, I decided to read A Random Walk Down Wall Street. I heard that this was the ultimate, research-based, investment strategy book. The author Burton Malkiel outlined the major investment theories that market makers, advisors, and average investors used.

The book blew my mind and set me on a race to change my investments. Malkiel introduced fundamental ideas such as, the more an individual trades (frequency), the worse they perform (usually). So if you trade nervously throughout the market’s swings, you’re likely performing worse than the broader market (compared to the S&P 500). The author also noted that male investors traded more often than women, too.

Fundamentally, the entire book wrapped psychology, economics, and politics into one perfectly assembled masterpiece about investing. I felt like I was sipping from the fountain of youth and could finally understand why — despite some good investments here and there — I was performing worse than the broader market averages.

Every time I thought I discovered a new pattern in the market or companies introducing breakthrough technologies, the entire market was too. I wasn’t the only one, and that screwed with my ability to profit from reason. And even more powerful, was this statement, “Even real technology revolutions do not guarantee benefits for investors.” That crushed my soul. How could I invest in life-changing technologies and companies, but not see profit and gain? The reason: companies are constantly growing and changing and falling from grace. It’s a constant cycle. To predict one company over every other competitor and up and comer is dangerous, potentially futile, and rarely as safe as investing in a broader average (a basket of stocks).

The book brilliantly analyzed humans’ use of heuristics and time-saving mental machinations that actually served to stifle our gains. Convinced that we are always right, we tend to reflect on our more positive investments and downplay the negative ones. We like to think we can “beat the market.” Being average is a bore, right?!

We grow up reading and watching articles and movies and novels that take us on an arc: introduction, rise, climax, decline, resolution. We grow accustomed to this style of story from a young age. And that can easily be applied (poorly) to the markets. We can look for climaxes and resolutions, where they might not be there. We can analyze past chart history to predict the future, but research shows that doesn’t give us an advantage over broad indexing. Despite searching for market patterns, rules to the market, etc., we overwhelmingly fail — time and time again — when compared to the averages. Our minds are tricking us.

As a species we love heuristics. Brain schemes allow us to save time and look for patterns. In nature, patterns help us stay safe — snakes are dangerous. TV shows follow traditional arcs: intro rise climax decline conclusion. An episode of Law and Order follows characters for one hour through a new problem. We expect a resolution. By 45-50 minutes in, we should find our culprit. When we apply these patterns and rules to the market, we tend to fail. Even if there are patterns, the markets quickly learn about them and destroy the potential use. When everyone knows the pattern, nobody needs it. The market smooths out the differences that the pattern once held. As much as our minds search for patterns and see them, they’re an evil chicanery. The market winners know this.

After reading all the books conclusions, it was like getting smacked over the head with a large frying pan. I felt dizzy and sick. Why hadn’t I been given this knowledge prior to this date? Why had I been allowed to invest on my own, without any research understanding of market behavior?

I was investing all wrong. It was costing me money (in fees, lack of diversification, and portfolio performance) and time (researching different investments, ETFs, and scanning for proper diversification). After reading the book, I couldn’t help but look for a better way.

How to easily, affordably diversify

Betterment allocation
Betterment allows investors to easily diversify and allocate.

Over the last five or so years, there’s been a torrential rise in robo-advisors. These are companies that invest the money for you, with little overhead and fees. Additionally, they use the market theories introduced by Burton Malkiel’s book and apply it to your investments. Instead of staking claims on individual stocks, which are prone to heavily volatility (read: risk), they broadly diversify across sectors and areas of the economy. The intention is to keep risk minimal, while maximizing performance.

The research is clear: low-fee diversification via ETFs is the best option for most investors. Moreover, when it’s managed and invested for you it cuts down on day trading and psychological biases. Numerous companies have sprouted up to take on the challenge. The most popular robo-advisors tend to be Betterment, FutureAdvisor, Schwab’s Intelligent Portfolios, and Wealthfront. Each provides different fee structures and diversification practices. It’s important that you select the best one for your financial needs.

Recently, I wrote about how it is hard to save when interest rates are this low. It’s pushed the stock market higher, but left savers in the lurch. The average interest rate on a savings account is 0.06%, while inflation rates generally stay around 1-2%. That means you’re losing money by keeping it in a savings account.

With little disposable income or money available to invest, I wanted a robo-advisor that would provide all the diversification I needed, with few fees, and the ability to invest immediately — without a minimum. That’s a tough bargain, right?

After considering all these factors, Betterment was the clear winner. Let me tell you why.

Betterment marries technology and market knowledge to provide a low-cost choice. They provide three brackets for users: 0.35% (below $10,000), 0.25% ($10,000-$99,999), and 0.15% ($100,000+). When you have less than $10,000 invested, like me (for now), that 0.35% management fee is assessed — regardless of returns. Thankfully, that’s comparable to all the current robo-advisors right now (note: Schwab’s Intelligent Portfolios don’t charge a direct fee, but they grab your interest in a forced cash quantity — 6% of the portfolio).

My prediction is that these fees will precipitously reduce over the next 5-10 years. The technology will clearly be very competitive and adaptive. Any company that continues to charge a lot will be priced out of the market. Competition will be extremely helpful in this area.

Here’s what I like about Betterment:

No minimums

There are no minimums for new accounts. Thankfully, simpletons like me can start with $100 and invest over time. This is especially helpful for irregular — month-to-month — incomes. Let’s say I make $2000 this month, which provides $1000 to invest with (rounding for simplicity), I can direct that $1000 into Betterment. But if I can’t rely on that amount, and I make $1100 the next month, I can manually transfer in $100 instead. The only minimum you need to meet is $100 invested per month until you reach $10,000. Once you reach that level, you reduce to 0.25% in management fees and $0 minimum deposits.

Fractional shares

This really sets Betterment apart from the rest of the pack. Normally when you invest, you need to buy whole shares. That means if there’s an ETF that costs $125, but you only invest $100, it won’t be purchased. Unfortunately, uninvested cash can hurt your potential gains. Betterment allows you to purchase fractional shares of every ETF they invest in. Your money is always working at full capacity!

Goal-based investing

Betterment accounts
Betterment allows you to have specific goals and accounts. Then, you just need to follow their advice!

Psychologically, humans suffer without clear goals. With retirement and other long-term goals (vacations, cars, homes, etc.), it’s tricky to understand how best to allocate funds. How much do you really need to invest in your Roth IRA to maintain your current standard of living? How much to improve it? How much if you cut back a bit? This is where Betterment shines. The company has designed beautiful graphs customized to your needs. For instance, I’m saving to move away from Iowa City right now. I estimate that I’ll need a couple thousand dollars when it comes to interviews for jobs and moving and finding a new place to rent. That all costs sizable sums, and I don’t dare consider debt. I estimate the time until completion, and Betterment provides an initial deposit and regular monthly contribution to meet the goal. Simple, as any financial advisor should be.

Smart rebalancing

The maintanence of a diverse portfolio is one of my least favorite activities. Let’s say I want to be invested in 90% stocks and 10% bonds, but the stock market has improved and bonds have lagged. Your stock position might represent more than you allocated. That requires you to sell a portion of the stock and reinvest elsewhere to regain balance. This can be time-consuming and tax-laden. Thankfully, Betterment handles it automatically. If your portfolio “drifts” 5% from its intended allocation, they’ll rebalance for proper diversification. Additionally, they’ll minimize any tax implications associated with the activity. That’s one of the hardest parts of managing your own portfolio.

Tax-loss harvesting

For those in the big leagues with lots more money than me, you also could benefit from tax-loss harvesting. Essentially, the portfolio will sell off your losses so that you can have a tax writeoff and invest in a comparable stock. Without getting into the weeds, that’s a really good thing as you want to prevent “wash sales.”

Behavioral change

This aspect has nothing to do directly with money. Since my shift to Betterment, I’ve noticed I’m calmer and clearer about my investments. I know how I’m invested and why. Likewise, I have confidence in the market principles that are used. Whereas individual stocks can make you go wild — needing to buy and sell all the time — this highly diversified portfolio provides comfort.

Next-day investments

Another essential aspect for any company managing your money is rapid investment of deposits. Betterment invests all your deposits the next day. With that turn around you don’t miss the market’s moves, and can quickly benefit. Numerous companies require cash to be held about 3-5 days before it’s invested, and then you need to find ways to diversify it. Betterment does all the work for you.

Here’s what I dislike:

No direct transfer from brokerage to IRAs

This is a pesky rule, but Betterment does not allow any cash positions. Therefore, to transfer money from a brokerage account in the company to an IRA, you need to withdraw the funds and redeposit them through your bank account. That takes a lot of time, in some cases. For instance, if I want to invest $500 from my brokerage to Roth IRA, it’ll take about 1 week or more even though Betterment already has all my funds.

No progressive fee structure favoring poorest

I’m disappointed that no robo-advisor’s fee structure is preferential for those with less. It’s a universal problem for the industry, not just Betterment. Still, I’d like to see the process of investing and taking charge of your future be easier for everyone involved. Those with $100 per month or less to invest shouldn’t have to pay more than those who invest $1000.

No manual cash positions

Sometimes, especially near retirement, it can be helpful to temporarily have cash or cash-equivalents in your account. Unfortunately, Betterment does not provide space for cash positions. They note that it goes against their entire premise and philosophy to allow pure cash positions. I understand their rationale, but it’s scary not being able to run for cover (you have to withdraw to your bank account to be in cash).

No expected returns presented

Instead of presenting expected returns from your portfolio allocation of stocks and bonds, Betterment provides predicted totals. As a novice, it would be helpful to see gains in a percentage form. That way I could compare portfolio allocations to other types of investments.

No real estate exposure

Lastly, Betterment doesn’t seem to provide real estate exposure through something like Vanguard’s REIT ETF (VNQ). Burton Malkiel suggested that some amount of nearly every retirement portfolio should have real estate exposure because they’re a safer place for higher yields. I would tend to agree, especially since the population growth rate is very strong in America.

After I read Malkiel’s A Random Walk Down Wall Street, I realized I needed to take action. But even before that book, I wanted something that would minimize my time spent researching ETFs and strategies and individual companies. Betterment has been the perfect solution, and a wonderful way to concentrate on what really matters: those around me.

Filed Under: Make Money, Save Money Tagged With: Advice, Betterment, ETFs, goals, Income, invest, investing, money, Random Walk, Robo-advisors, Stock Market, Wall Street, Wealth, Wealthfront

I Have Zero Business Degrees

By Frugaling 13 Comments

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My Graduation Day 2011

What are my credentials?

Frugaling is a personal finance website where I regularly talk about financial concerns. I provide advice to save and make money, editorialize social justice issues, and argue in favor of minimalism over consumption.

But you might be wondering what credentials I have to proffer this help. Well, that’s a funny thing: I don’t have any. I didn’t get a business-related degree — there’s no formal finance education or economics indoctrination. My words are informed by something greater, and my hope is that they’re not the rote, memorized drivel that many financial advisors spout.

As a kid, I always thought I’d pursue something in finance. In fact, I want to tell you a little story from high school. It was there that I decided that to pursue a financial career path would leave me deeply unsatisfied, but my passion for personal finance never stopped.

Sam, you’re on the line!

I was giddy, but tempered in my high school science course. In about 10 minutes I’d ask my teacher to step outside and make a phone call.

My battery was fully charged, but I had to find a better signal. There was a field, away from the building, that provided a comfortable amount of strength. I dialed the number; I believe it was somewhere in New Jersey. I stayed on the line for what seemed like an abominable amount of time.

Occasionally, a pre-recorded voice piped up, that encouraged me to stay on the line. Then, I heard Jim Cramer’s — host of Mad Money on CNBC — voice and he shouted in my ear, “Sam from Golden, Colorado…” I melted with nervousness, but miraculously stated a ticker symbol (which I cannot remember) for a stock I was interested in.

Stocks were more important than classes

My latter high school days were filled with these moments. While fellow students studied diligently for their ACTs and applied to elite schools such as Duke and Stanford, my time was spent reading, trading, and watching the stock market. Because I was under 18, I forced my mom to co-sign and create a custodial account on an online trading site. I was hooked, and I loved the adrenaline.

Numbers pulsed through me, and I would binge on stock charts for hours. I hogged library computers and printer time to map them. In hallways and breaks, I drew lines on the charts, and practiced what I saw in books and television.

As an autodidact, the stock market provided an endless supply of data to be analyzed and understood. And the spoils went to the most educated people. I wanted to be one of them.

One form changed my degree, life

College was the path I was expected to follow. While my parents and grandparents never “forced” that path, it was strongly encouraged. The university life was where people went from good to great. I was open to that potential.

I applied to two colleges. The one I wanted to go to, Colorado State University, accepted me, but didn’t directly admit me into business. My less-than-stellar grades and contempt of mathematics meant that I would be an “open-option” business student until I proved my competence via good grades.

Prior to departing for Colorado State, there was an open house session. I attended one event geared specifically towards open-option students. For one hour, an advisor talked about academic success and finding your purpose in college.

I remember rolling my eyes, as the cynic in me dreaded the activity to come. We were split up into groups and then given about 10 minutes to complete a form and talk among the members.

The form asked us some simple questions, but one stuck out; it read, “How would you use your degree?” Despite the stupidly simple question, I had not really thought about this question before. I saw a response, “I want to help others.” Then I thought about my business degree — something wasn’t quite right.

I went to my advisor as soon as school started and asked to switch to psychology. There, I envisioned being able to listen and talk with others through their problems. That would be a degree to “help others.”

The psychology of money, spending, and society

After undergrad, I applied to graduate school and got into a counseling psychology doctoral program at the University of Iowa. I still wanted to follow the goals set forth in that open-option day. But in the back of my mind I recognized that investing and money issues still held great interest.

I still invested and read everything I could get my hands on regarding the stock market and business. I changed career paths, but my intrinsic passion for personal finance lingered.

As my own debt and spending spiralled out of control, I started Frugaling to right my course. It worked. I paid off about $40,000 of debt in about a year. I completely revamped my life — now incompatible with wanton spending and extravagances.

But I also started Frugaling as a perfect combination to meld my converging interests. I found that people’s (me included) monetary issues were closely linked to psychological concerns, distress, and stressors.

Psychology and business weren’t divergent topics. Additionally, I realized that most financial gurus blamed personal responsibility and character flaws on poverty, bankruptcy, and inadequate financial planning. There was room for a different voice — informed by psychological concepts and real counseling work with people suffering.

I’m not a financial-affiliated spokesperson

Over the nearly two years that Frugaling has been around, I have become an increasingly more passionate advocate for the underdogs. Financial markets are deeply unforgiving and unequal. People need to stand up and help others across diverse, multicultural backgrounds.

I ask you not to trust me for my financial degrees and letters after my name. I ask you not to trust me for how much money I’ve made for other people. I ask you not to trust me for being personally wealthy. I ask you not to trust me for my reputation (or lack thereof).

All I ask is that you consider the possibility that financial voices of reason come from those outside that insular world. I’m here to stand up for those who’ve been drowned out for too long. And I’m excited to continue building an audience (you included) that is inspired into action over social justice concerns and reducing consumption.

Filed Under: Social Justice Tagged With: Advice, Business, college, Finance, graduate school, investing, Personal Finance, Psychology, school, Social Justice, Stock Market, stocks, university

3 Lessons From The Great Recession

By Frugaling 9 Comments

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Banksy Follow Your Dreams Cancelled
By Banksy

“We learn from history that we do not learn from history.”
— Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Making and losing money during the Great Recession

In 2007-08, the stock market dove. We entered a massive “Great Recession.” I had a measly amount in an investment account and sold every stock. I couldn’t afford to lose any more. The panic was great and I followed it.

I held mostly cash, but bought a dangerous ETF that shorts stocks at 2X investment. For every dollar down in the market, I’d make two. Although, for every dollar up in the market, I’d lose two. By buying the ETF, my future would be tied to the demise of the global markets. It felt sick, but I was making money seemingly every day in the tough bear market. As others clambered to secure positions, I was profiting. The demise of other’s portfolios meant I was in the minority, making money.

At the time, I kept telling my mom to sell out of a large, inherited position in AIG. The major insurance company was spiraling out of control, and the public would soon realize how much debt the company hid. I wasn’t prescient, but dead set on her selling much of the position. The wealth was directly tied to the most risky industry.

Her financial advisor asked her to sit still. His sentiment was simple: don’t worry, don’t panic, and everything will be alright. I remember urging her over the phone, “Mom, you’ve got to sell at least a bit. The portfolio isn’t diversified and could be destroyed by this market.” She followed the trusted advisor’s approach and held on to the position. She stayed with the stock until it was a small fraction of the inheritance, and AIG was unrecognizable to its predecessor — what it used to be.

A reminder of the Great Depression

My grandparents had their own economic tumult: the Great Depression. They were a product of a time when food was scarce, fortunes changed, and many suffered. Both my grandmothers — at separate times — would talk about this time of disparity. They seemed weathered and changed by this period.

The Depression had a lasting impact. In their adult lives, they saved nearly everything, invested, and were constantly frugal. Eating out was a privilege — a true rarity even when they had wealth. They got creative with meals, celebrations, and travel. They learned to travel with and for less.

Not everyone suffered, though. A select few — the richest elite — continued to enjoy the spoils of wealth. Robber barons, corporate titans in the 30s and 40s, held disparate levels of wealth. They suffered, but not like most of society.

It wasn’t until President Roosevelt, his new deal, and World War II that the economic despair lifted. A vision for the future came into the picture. My grandparents served bravely, and were able to cultivate a middle class life afterwards. They were never “rich,” but always well. Their goals weren’t for mass consumption, but for peace and calm.

Lessons from a time of scarcity

Just like my grandparents before me, this generation’s financial calamity changed me. The Great Recession permanently shifted my life and that of my parents. The following are a few lessons learned along the way:

1. Who you know counts, but gratitude is greater

I left high school at the height of the Recession, and graduated college in 2011, as things began to look brighter. Still, I applied to countless jobs and found nothing. I submitted applications to Starbucks, Target, Wells Fargo, and a host of smaller companies. No one answered. The jobs were scarce, and money was tight. Everyone — including companies — became more conservative with their money.

A dean changed my life and gave me a chance. She gave me a paid opportunity to study and prep for graduate school in counseling psychology. I considered the offer, realized I had nowhere else to go, and embraced the opportunity. I’m forever indebted to her offer and help.

Without that helping hand, I’m not sure where I’d be, how much I’d be making, or if I would be the man I am today. An age-old lesson for business people is to network unmercilessly, but for me, I learned about gratitude. It’s vital that we remember who helped us succeed.

2. Modest living matters, skip the material mementos

I saw countless Americans lose everything material in the Great Recession. Crying families on TV and in documentaries exclaimed how they had lost everything. They were leaving houses — foreclosed on by banks that “afforded” them way more house than is necessary.

Those with modest means and mindsets braced through the economic tumult, but usually were able to maintain their lives. Those whose lifestyles were paycheck to paycheck or near their means suffered greatly.

Living through this time cemented a new ideal towards minimalism and reduction of material worth. Now when I travel, I try to avoid “collecting” and taking physical mementos. When I get something new (to me or the world), I research everything about it and try to buy based on value.

Last year I was interviewed by USAToday on the topic of buying homes. I might be a kook, but I don’t believe I want to buy a house unless I have all the cash necessary to do so. This Great Recession taught me to distrust debt and mortgages.

3. Save like it’s the last day on the job

In struggling to find work and seeing others do the same, I’m uncertain about my ability to hold one consistent job in life. Employers don’t necessarily have the incentive that they once had for employee sustainability. Everybody seems to be replaceable in this new, globalized economy.

While the unemployment rate has recovered from the depths of the Great Recession, salaries have stagnated or decreased. People are employed now, but they aren’t making what they once made.

Whatever reaches my pocket today, I’ll fiercely protect. But protection cannot mean selfishness.

Despite the economic uncertainty that will forever be a hallmark of my adolescence, I refuse to believe that we cannot continue to help each other. Whether that means serving and giving your time, or scrounging for a few dollars to give to charity, it’s still important to give selflessly.

Filed Under: Minimalism, Save Money Tagged With: Banks, Banksy, Financial, Great Depression, Great Recession, jobs, Lessons, Making, money, saving, Stock Market

Frugal Articles of the Week

By Frugaling 2 Comments

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Reading Nook Photo

Every week I like to feature a few frugal articles that caught my eyes. Curl up in your favorite reading nook and enjoy. Hopefully these encourage you to live frugal lives!

The Stock Market Is No Place for Millennials by Eric Roberge
This article has one of the most controversial headlines, but a more subtle message. Time Magazine and its author, Eric Roberge, highlight a few reasons why the stock market can be unkind to Millennials. But the rules and lessons apply across generations: wait to invest until you have more money. Interesting argument, as media has repeatedly noted that the Millennials are not making much money.

Would You Be Content With Just Enough? by Michelle
Michelle blogs over at Fit is the New Poor, and I must say I’m a big fan of her work. Recently, she wrote about contentedness on her site. It’s a must read for anyone who’s struggling to feel like “enough.”

How Much Of My Income Should I Spend On Housing? by Stefanie O’Connell
Stefanie introduces to one of the oldest personal finance rules: keep housing costs to around 1/4 to 1/3 of your monthly budget. That means that if you make $1500, you shouldn’t spend more than $500 per month on rent. But something different happens in big cities. You can begin to save in other areas, as the rent escalates. Stefanie does a fantastic job outlining why you need to look beyond basic rent costs.

How Big Food Brands Are Boosting Profits By Targeting The Poor by Roberto Ferdman
This week’s roundup of articles includes a nasty one. Turns out big-name brands are packaging their materials in smaller containers and selling them at dollar stores nationwide. Unfortunately, there’s a big catch: dollar per ounce, it’s a fortune. This tactic is pretty nasty, and the poorest members of society are hurt worst.

Have a wonderful Valentine’s Day!

Filed Under: Save Money Tagged With: articles, Food, Frugal, housing, Income, Millennials, poverty, Stock Market, week

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